Lexicon and Dictionary of Stone and Building Materials
Has
Softened: Flat face, smooth surface and shiny appearance, used most frequently for marble, worktops and sinks, also for interior floors.
Hollowed-out angles: Angles hollowed out of their material, so as to be glued to the wall.
Basket cove: Low curve formed by an odd number of arcs of different rays, often 3 or 5, sometimes 7, 9 or 11.
Support: Higher part of the lightening of the windows on which rests the sleeper of the cross. Support has a threefold purpose:
Allowing people occupying a dwelling to support without risk of chutter on the outside, the height of the support should not be less than 1 M for a thin wall, and is defined in the NF-POI-012 standard, depending on the thickness of light or wall , more than 20 cm,
Prevent rainwater that whips the façade from entering and flowing along the inner siding.
Discard rainwater beyond the outer siding...
Arc: Curved construction, both ends of which are based on solid dots. By their proportion, we can first distinguish the following arcs:
Full arch hanger: One that includes exactly half a circle
High arch: The one whose height is greater than that of the full hanger
Low arc: The one whose height is smaller than the half-range
Arète: Salient angle formed by the intersection of two sides of a piece of cut stone.
Sitting: Rank of cut stones, or rubble that is laid horizontally for a construction.
Regular sitting: Stones that all have the same height.
Irregular Sitting: Stones that have different heights.
Trough: Stone, or piece of dug wood that is used to feed the animals.
B
Balanced (walking): Walking of varying width, in the revolving quarter of a staircase.
Siding: Transportation, moving a block of stone, or cut stones, from one point to another.
Base: The lower part of any body that supports it.
Boucharde: Square-headed steel hammer cut into diamond tip.
The boucharde is a tool invented in the 19th century to swallow the hard stone facades and remove the traces of sawmilling before siding the stone. Since 1920, mobile-headed bouchards, called a wafer, have been manufactured, which makes it easy to replace the head to have the worn one cut.
Bouchardée: Rough surface with surface irregularities of 1 to 2 mm deep obtained by the tube platter strike, tool equipped with spikes mounted on rollers, edges scarred.
Paperback: Appearance of a siding obtained by hitting the face of a piece of stone with a pickaxe or a spike in such a way that the tool causes long parallel furrows, separated by strips in relief of very coarse breaks.
Brushed: finish creating a slight relief playing with the differences in "hard" and "soft" textures of the tiles, gives a soft final look to the touch and gives color to the material.
Gross: Which is in the coarse state where nature produced it. It is particularly said of what has not been cut: a rough block is a piece of stone of any shape, as it was extracted from the mass or bench.
Rough sawmill: The cut-off aspect of the stone. On a hard stone, the saw marks are visible, the stone cutters often add a finish.
C
Limestone: Carbonate sedimentary rock, composed of at least 50% calcite and may contain dolomite, aragonite. Limestones are formed either by accumulation of skeletal fragments or limestone shells (corals, bivalves, foraminiferous, etc.), or by chemical or biochemical precipitation of calcium carbonates.
Calcite : Natural crystallized calcium carbonate that forms the gang of many schools of Stone. Calcite is also found in stalagtites, stalagmites and some white marbles.
Notebook: Drawing depicting the work to be done in stone cut and on which the dimensions of each stone are shown.
Calepineur: Designer in charge of the establishment of the notebooks.
Tiler: The one who lays tiles. On the other hand, the one who lays stone slabs is called a poser.
Career: A place where stone, marble, sand, slate, etc. are drawn.
Chain (angles): A stone pillar built into the thickness of a wall made of small materials, which is used to strengthen and bind it. The chains are placed at such a gap that they really stiffen the wall, under the charged points and at the corners. In the latter case, it is said: an angle chain.
Chamfer: small surface that is formed by cutting down the ridge of a stone, a piece of wood or metal.
Singing: Close face of an object as opposed to the wide face that forms the dish. Lay on vocals. Sing stones: lay them so that the direction of their width is vertical and the direction of their horizontal length. The song of a slab: its thickness.
Tent: The upper part of the column on which the frieze is placed and which rests on the barrel.
Hunting: Tool used to hunt or break granite along a specific line.
Lime: It is commonly referred to as lime carbonate or lime stone that is cooked in the ovens. Thus prepared, the lime heats up in the water, dissolves and forms a firm white paste that, being mixed with sand, composes the mortar that was used until the beginning of the 20th century in the buildings.
Chiselure: Small edge that is made, with the chives, to the cladding of a hard stone to train it.
Claver: Set up the key to a flowerbed, arch or vault.
Claveau: Stones cut in wedges, which enters the constructiwe're plating-bands.
Key: A clasp, or a stun that occupies the central part of a flowerbed, arch or vault.
Column: A kind of pillar consisting of a cylindrical cask, a marquee, and often a base.
Against walking: Vertical face of the step.
Raven: Piece of stone, wood or iron, forming protruding on the siding of a wall to support a net, a beam, or an architectural motif.
Toad: Concentration of microcrystals of different color from the mass of granite which is not a defect.
Crust: Top part of a stone bank, in direct contact with the crime, consisting of a deposit of clay and shale material.
D
Paving: Horizontal surface covered with stone slabs, cut slates or marble.
Slab: Tablet of stone, marble, or cut slate, limited in thickness by two surfaces of sizes in principle parallel.
Flow: Way to cut, to saw the stones to certain dimensions depending on the use you want to make of them.
Debiter: Machine that debits. Disc debiter (pictured): Mechanically operated circular saw. The disc debiter is composed of a horizontal metal beam that crosses the tray on which the cutting stone rests, and which is sealed on either side of the tray on masonry massifs.
Pick-up: Removing into the vertical or horizontal surface of a siding, causing a song between a protruding angle and an incoming angle.
Density: Ratio of the mass of a body to its volume, average density of granite 2.7 tons / m3
Diameter: Straight line that goes from one point of the circumference of a circle to another point of that circumference passing through the center.
Expansion: The action of dilating or dilating. This is a phenomenon that must be taken into account in the construction of the structures.
Disk: Saw in the shape of a machined disc to be able to cut the stone. Diamond disc or dia discmanoeuvrability. Part of a debiter or disc haveuse whose circumference is lined with teeth that in reality do not saw the stone but use it. Set to the periferasm of the disc, the teeth are formed of a diamond concretion whose exact composition varies with the nature of the stone to be cut.
Cove: Undulating moulding, with the upper part concave, the lower convex and the total protruding equal to the height. The right doucine, which is console-shaped, can be distinguished and the overturned doucine is wheelbase-shaped.
Hardness: To determine the hardness of a stone, its density and its rupture constraint are calculated.
There are 6 types of hardness (from the softest to the hardest):
Very tender, up to 1470 kg/m3 and 50 kgf/cm2
Tender, up to 1840 kg/m3 and 120 kgf/cm2
Half-farm, up to 2150 kg/m3 and 275 kgf/cm2
Farm, up to 2355 kg/m3 and 520 kgf/cm2
Lasts up to 2580 kg/m3 and 1080 kgf/cm2
Cold, Above 2581 kg /m3 and 1081 kgf / cm2
E
Sample: Fragment of parallelepiped stone that is shown to the customer to make him know the qualities of the merchandise: color, grain, hardness, etc. Since stone is a natural material, more or less homogeneous, a customer should always be warned that the sample presented gives him an overview of the color and appearance of the stone, but that a supply can most often involve in places other aspects (shells, veins, holes, etc.).
Scleated: Appearance of a siding obtained by striking the hammer stone with sharp edges, along the edges of the face, with such force that each blow causes a significant shine on that face. The resulting size should not be retouched.
Eclacteuse: Machine to cut, in a stone bar, broken rubble. This machine is composed of a bed on which the stone bar is placed to be cut, and coa vertical frame consisting of a fixed part, and a sharp moving part.
Framework: Profile or ornament in protruding that surrounds certain elements of architecture: the framing of a door
Coating: Layer of plaster, lime mortar, cement, or some other similar material, which is applied to walls, or ceilings.
Avoid: Make a vacuum, prune up to date.
Extraction: Set of operations necessary to cut a limestone mass, and remove them, blocks of stone suitable for use in construction.
F
Shape: Work one thing to give it a certain way, some form.
False square: Equerre whose branches are articulated at their assembly point, to allow to draw any angle.
Rabbet: A right-angle notch, prepared in the frame of a bay, vertically between the painting and the slintering, horizontally between the underside and the sling, to house the carpentry.
Arrow: Height, vertical distance of the key of a vault above his births: we also say climbed.
Strawberry: Small conical tool used to drill into wood, metal or stone.
Was: Part of the column between the base and the marquee.
G
Curve: Profile line, outline of a piece of architecture.
Lovership: Failure to crack, break or crumble under the action of frost. Test reports are used to determine the frost resistance of a stone.
Lap: Part of the step on which you set foot up or down.
Grain: General appearance, on a break, elements of the structure of a stone (size, shape and arrangement of its grains). Big-grained stone, fine-grained stone.
Granite: Granite is a plutonic magmatic rock with a grainy texture, that is, fully crystallized and composed of well-developed minerals visible to thenaked eye. This is the result of the slow, deep cooling of large masses of magma that will form plutons, the latter being currently on the surface thanks to the game of erosion that has stripped the overlying rocks.
Burn: Draw a figure, or characters, on marble or stone with chives.
Sandstone: Sedimentary rock made up of clumped grains of sand. The natural cement that connects sand grains (thus quartz) can be silica, clay, limestone, marl, ferruginous or glauconnous. The result is a large variety of sandstone.
H
Dress up: The act of dressing, covering a wall or a partition of rich materials.
Water repellent : That preserves moisture. We recommend a water-repellent treatment for stones, paving stones, worktops, sinks... in order to waterproof them against possible tasks, wine, coffee...
J
Jamb:
1- Chain of stone or masonry that supports the building and on which the large beams are placed.
2- One of the two vertical studs of a bay, door or window, when that bay is finished with a linte. When the bay is finished with an arc, it is called piedroit.
3- Vertical masonry that supports on each side the mantle of a chimney.
Seal: Place where two parties join.
L
Lause: Rough slab of any shape, obtained by splitting some shale rocks according to their cleavage, and used as a cover element in Auvergne and the Dauphiné. We also write: lauze.
Header: architectural element used to support the masonry or materials of the wall above a bay, door, or window. ...
Mr
Coat: Part of the fireplace that protrudes into the room, above the hearth, above the fireplace. This is the outer part of the hood.
Marble: Rock generally limestone likely to take on a beautiful polish and have a particular decorative aspect.
Marblery: Marble industry.
Myrches: Swinging walk: Walking of varying width between its two ends. Skewed walk: Walking not balanced, but not perpendicular to silt. Delard walk: Walk cut obliquely from the underside, following the creepofer of the staircase. Right walk: Walk perpendicular to the wall and silt. Ground walk: Walk bordered by a moulding. Walking: Walking that forms the edge of a stair landing. Counterwalk: Vertical face of the step.
Monolith: which is made of one piece.
Mortar: A mixture of sand and lime or cement, dislameed with water, used to bind the stones or bricks of a building.
Molding: Generic name of each of the more or less prominent parts, straight or curved, which serve as common ornaments in an architectural work. Ex. pudding, astragalus, bevel, grooves, cavet, doucine...
N
Ribs: Salient part of a moulding. The ribs are found on the edges of a vault, on the sides of the grooves, on the edges of the scrolls, on the angles of stones, etc.
Walking nose: A protruding part of a step, above the step. Ex. Straight nose with rounded edge, nose pudding, astragal nose, nose skewed ...
O
Beef oeuil: Circular opening in the central part of a vault to serve as a passage for the bells, during their installation. Beef egg: Round or oval window.
Warhead: Each of the arches, normally in full hanger, which by crossing in X support the vault, called "on crossed with warheads".
Tab: Cut obliquely, at 45 degrees, by the end or on the thickness of a strip of stone or moulding.
Opus: Latin word: book. Opus incertum: Apparent masonry of rubble with uncertain joints. This term is sometimes used to refer to a paving made of broken slabs in the shape of irregular polygons. Roman Opus: Dallage made of slabs of different sizes that intertwine, forming a module. e.g. Opus 11.
P
Bearing: Soplatform rte arranged in a staircase, in a porch, in a soft ramp, in the bleachers of a theatre, to serve as a rest.
Landing: Walking that forms the edge of a landing.
Patina: The hue that time gives to the stone.
Right foot: Each of the vertical parts that support the birth of a vault, an arcade.
Size stone: Piece of stone intended to be part of a fitted construction, and cut in accordance with the device notebook. The cut stone differs from the cobblestone in that it has a precise place to occupy in the work of which it will be part; even in a sun-wrene or machine-slaged construction, these are interchangeable; size stones are not usually cut. Indeed, each stone of size has a number consistent with that indicated on the notebook and, in principle, it can only be changed with another.
Pillar: Masonry work in the shape of a large round column, square, etc. Which is used to support a building.
Veneer: Covering thin slabs in front of a wall.
Full hanger: Half perfect circle: a full arch hanger, a full arch hanger.
Hair: Wire in cold stones, marbles and granites. It is usually colored. White hair: Uncoloured and difficult to detect yarn. Ironed hair: Wire filled with a thin film of calcite giving the appearance of a break, but that does not interfere with the solidity of the stone.
Polisher: Machine we use to polish. The machines used today for softening, sanding, sanding and even glossing are indiscriminately referred to as these machines. The same machine can be used for multiple operations by simply changing the disk.
Porosity: Porosity is expressed as a percentage. This is the ratio of the volume of voids to the total volume of the test tube. The porosity of hard granite is about 0.50%. That's why a solid granite binwaterproof and a granite slab dries quickly.
Profile: Representation of all kinds of masonry, architecture and decoration works, in their elevation as cut by a projection plan.
R
Groove: A rectangular cut made in length in a stone, or in a wall, usually intended to accommodate a piece that must fit into it.
Rejingot: A small gorge at the top of the slope of a stone support that is placed under the support piece of a cross or a window door, and which usually turns in a table, to move away, to return the water from the wall.
Join: Rehabilitation of the join.
Rustic: Our "Rustic" finish, made by hand, brings to our stones the nobility of old salvage stones, sculpted by time.
S
Sanding: The operation of cleaning the stone facades by projecting, at high speed, of sand on the surfaces to be cleaned.
Shale: Clay rock, puff pastry, which splits into parallel plates. This way of refendcing is called schistosity or shale clwash.
Sawn: Is said from one of the faces, joint, bed or siding of a piece of stone as it appears after sawing.
Scotie: Concave moulding with a lower part that is more prominent than the top, usually limited by listels. Scoatia is often part of the base of a column.
Sediment: Deposit that formed on the earth's crust either in a liquid, sea, lake, river etc... Precipitation; or at the foot of the hills by collapse; either through wind transport; or even through volcanic eruptions; Etc.
Sole: Stone slab, or marble, which forms the top of the step of a staircase.
Threshold: stone slab, which is at the bottom of the opening of a door and on which the door rises. The threshold differs from the doorstep in that it only measures the width of the table, while the doorstep protrudes on the bare outside of the wall.
Base: Part on which a column rests. By extension, support of a bust, a statuette, a vase, etc.
Base: The lower part of a building, on which the building is housed, and which itself deals with the foundation.
Stele: Monolith monument, in the form of a column barrel, an obelisk, an erect slab, and which is most often used to mark the location of a burial.
Low: Who is not in the middle of a hanger and whose ascent is less than half of its opening, speaking of an arch, a hanger, a vault, etc.
Surface: Ensure regular surfaces are made by the use of appropriate machinery or appliances.
T
Table: Vertical face of an unclosing bay, whether covered by an arch, linte or flowerbed, between the two sidings.
Tablet: A piece of marble, stone or wood, of a small thickness, which is laid flat on the top of some masonry work.
Support tablet: The one that, in hard stone, covers the soft stone support of a window or a railing.
Size: Way to give the stones, after sawing, the shape they must have to enter a construction.
Tender: Which can be easily started, which can be easily cut. The soft stones were once all those that could be sawed with a toothsaw. The tender adjective has been used for many years to commercially qualify certain limestonestones. This adjective should be attributed exclusively, in accordance with the standard names B10-001, to stones for which the average crush resistance of 24 test tubes is between 50 kg/cm2 and 120 kg/cm2 (see word hardness).
Head: Anterior part of a building element. Wall head. End part of a wall whose face in return is visible. A wall head is frequently made up of a stone pillar, harped with themasonry of the wall. Navehead. Anterior part of the nave. Head of you. Visible part of the chair in the wall siding.
Slice: A large piece of stone, but of small thickness, that is obtained by sawing a block of stone. When it is more than 25 cm thick, the resulting product is called a tray.
V
Basin: A kind of round, shallow basin that receives water from a fountain, a stream of water.
Vein: Kind of long and narrow line that goes by meandering slightly through hard stones, and capriciously compared to stratification.
Tosoire: Each of the cut stones that form the hanger of an arch, or vault.